Advertisement

Experience of an upper limb training program with a non-immersive virtual reality system in patients after stroke: a qualitative study

      Abstract

      Objectives

      The YouGrabber (YG) is a new virtual reality training system that focuses on unilateral and bimanual activities. This nested study was part of a larger multicenter randomized controlled trial and explored experiences of people with chronic stroke during a 4 weeks intensive upper limb training with YG.

      Design

      A qualitative design using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews. A phenomenological descriptive approach was used, with data coded, categorized and summarized using a thematic analysis. Topics investigated included: the experience of YG training, perceived impact of YG training on arm function, and the role of the treating therapist.

      Results

      Five people were interviewed (one female, age range 55 to 75 years, 1 to 6 years poststroke). Seven main themes were identified: (1) general experience, (2) expectations, (3) feedback, (4) arm function, (5) physiotherapist’s role, (6) fatigue, (7) motivation. Key experiences reported included feelings of motivation and satisfaction, with positive factors identified as challenge, competition, fun and effort. The YG training appeared to trigger greater effort, however fatigue was experienced at the end of the training. Overall, patients described positive changes in upper limb motor function and activity level, e.g. automatic arm use. While the opportunity for self-practice was appreciated, input from the therapist at the start of the intervention was deemed important for safety and confidence.

      Conclusions

      Reported experiences were mostly positive and the participants were motivated to practice intensively. They enjoyed the challenging component of the games.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic and PersonalCorporate R&D Professionals
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Physiotherapy
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Aukstakalnis S.
        • Blatner D.
        Silicon mirage—the art and science of virtual reality.
        Peachpit Press, Berkeley, CA1992
        • Lange B.
        • Koenig S.
        • Chang C.-Y.
        • McConnell E.
        • Suma E.
        • Bolas M.
        • et al.
        Designing informed game-based rehabilitation tasks leveraging advances in virtual reality.
        Disabil Rehabil. 2012; 34: 1863-1870
        • Lewis G.N.
        • Woods C.
        • Rosie J.A.
        • McPherson K.M.
        Virtual reality games for rehabilitation of people with stroke: perspectives from the users.
        Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2011; 6: 453-463
        • Merians A.S.
        • Fluet G.G.
        • Qiu Q.
        • Lafond I.
        • Adamovich S.V.
        Learning in a virtual environment using haptic systems for movement re-education: can this medium be used for remodeling other behaviors and actions?.
        J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011; 5: 301-308
        • Pollock A.
        • Farmer S.E.
        • Brady M.C.
        • Langhorne P.
        • Mead G.E.
        • Mehrholz J.
        • et al.
        Interventions for improving upper limb function after stroke.
        Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 11: CD010820
        • Laver K.
        • George S.
        • Thomas S.
        • Deutsch J.E.
        • Crotty M.
        Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation: an abridged version of a Cochrane review.
        Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2015; 51: 497-506
        • Saposnik G.
        • Teasell R.
        • Mamdani M.
        • Hall J.
        • McIlroy W.
        • Cheung D.
        • et al.
        Effectiveness of virtual reality using Wii gaming technology in stroke rehabilitation: a pilot randomized clinical trial and proof of principle.
        Stroke. 2010; 41: 1477-1484
        • Saposnik G.
        • Cohen L.G.
        • Mamdani M.
        • Pooyania S.
        • Ploughman M.
        • Cheung D.
        • et al.
        Efficacy and safety of non-immersive virtual reality exercising in stroke rehabilitation (EVREST): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, controlled trial.
        Lancet Neurol. 2016; 15: 1019-1027
        • You S.H.
        • Jang S.H.
        • Kim Y.H.
        • Hallett M.
        • Ahn S.H.
        • Kwon Y.H.
        • et al.
        Virtual reality-induced cortical reorganization and associated locomotor recovery in chronic stroke: an experimenter-blind randomized study.
        Stroke. 2005; 36: 1166-1171
        • Jang S.H.
        • You S.H.
        • Hallett M.
        • Cho Y.W.
        • Park C.M.
        • Cho S.H.
        • et al.
        Cortical reorganization and associated functional motor recovery after virtual reality in patients with chronic stroke: an experimenter-blind preliminary study.
        Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005; 86: 2218-2223
        • Cattaneo L.
        • Rizzolatti G.
        The mirror neuron system.
        Arch Neurol. 2009; 66: 557-560
        • Nocchi F.
        • Gazzellini S.
        • Grisolia C.
        • Petrarca M.
        • Cannata V.
        • Cappa P.
        • et al.
        Brain network involved in visual processing of movement stimuli used in upper limb robotic training: an fMRI study.
        J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2012; 9: 49
        • Cameirão M.S.
        • Badia S.B.i.
        • Duarte E.
        • Frisoli A.
        • Verschure P.F.M.J.
        The combined impact of virtual reality neurorehabilitation and its interfaces on upper extremity functional recovery in patients with chronic stroke.
        Stroke. 2012; 43: 2720-2728
        • Crosbie J.H.
        • Lennon S.
        • McNeill M.D.
        • McDonough S.M.
        Virtual reality in the rehabilitation of the upper limb after stroke: the user’s perspective.
        Cyberpsychol Behav. 2006; 9: 137-141
        • Crosbie J.
        • Lennon S.
        • McGoldrick M.
        • McNeill M.
        • McDonough S.
        Virtual reality in the rehabilitation of the arm after hemiplegic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study.
        Clin Rehabil. 2012; 26: 798-806
        • Merians A.S.
        • Jack D.
        • Boian R.
        • Tremaine M.
        • Burdea G.C.
        • Adamovich S.V.
        • et al.
        Virtual reality-augmented rehabilitation for patients following stroke.
        Phys Ther. 2002; 82: 898-915
        • Lewis G.N.
        • Rosie J.A.
        Virtual reality games for movement rehabilitation in neurological conditions: how do we meet the needs and expectations of the users?.
        Disabil Rehabil. 2012; 34: 1880-1886
        • Subramanian S.K.
        • Lourenco C.B.
        • Chilingaryan G.
        • Sveistrup H.
        • Levin M.F.
        Arm motor recovery using a virtual reality intervention in chronic stroke: randomized control trial.
        Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012; 27: 13-23
        • King M.
        • Hale L.
        • Pekkari A.
        • Persson M.
        • Gregorsson M.
        • Nilsson M.
        An affordable, computerised, table-based exercise system for stroke survivors.
        Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2010; 5: 288-293
        • Saposnik G.
        • Cohen L.G.
        • Mamdani M.
        • Pooyania S.
        • Ploughman M.
        • Cheung D.
        • et al.
        Efficacy and safety of non-immersive virtual reality exercising in stroke rehabilitation (EVREST): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, controlled trial.
        Lancet Neurol. 2016; 15: 1019-1027
        • Laver K.
        • George S.
        • Ratcliffe J.
        • Crotty M.
        Virtual reality stroke rehabilitation—hype or hope?.
        Aust Occup Ther J. 2011; 58: 215-219
        • Schuster-Amft C.
        • Eng K.
        • Lehmann I.
        • Schmid L.
        • Kobashi N.
        • Thaler I.
        • et al.
        Using mixed methods to evaluate efficacy and user expectations of a virtual reality-based training system for upper-limb recovery in patients after stroke: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
        Trials. 2014; 15: 350
        • Schuster-Amft C.
        • Henneke A.
        • Hartog-Keisker B.
        • Holper L.
        • Siekierka E.
        • Chevrier E.
        • et al.
        Intensive virtual reality-based training for upper limb motor function in chronic stroke: a feasibility study using a single case experimental design and fMRI.
        Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2014; : 1-8
        • van Hedel H.J.A.
        • Wick K.
        • Eng K.
        • Meyer-Heim A.
        Improving dexterity in children with cerebral palsy: preliminary results of a randomized trial evaluating a glove based VR-system.
        in: Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation, Zurich2011
        • Department of Health
        Creating a patient-led NHS: delivering the NHS improvement plan.
        Department of Health, London2005
        • Todres L.
        Qualitative research in health care.
        Open University Press, Berkshire, England2005
        • Crotty M.
        Phenomenology and nursing research.
        Churchill Livingston, Merlbourne1996
        • Willig C.
        • Stainton-Rogers W.
        The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology.
        SAGE, London2008
        • Jones M.
        • Grimmer K.
        • Edwards I.
        • Higgs J.
        • Trede F.
        Challenges in applying best evidence to physiotherapy.
        IJAHSP. 2006; 4: 3
        • Hicks C.
        Research methods for clinical therapists. Applied project design and analysis.
        4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, London2004
        • Hughes A.M.
        • Burridge J.
        • Freeman C.T.
        • Donnovan-Hall M.
        • Chappell P.H.
        • Lewin P.L.
        • et al.
        Stroke participants’ perceptions of robotic and electrical stimulation therapy: a new approach.
        Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2011; 6: 130-138
        • Kvale S.
        • Brinkmann S.
        InterViews, learning the craft of qualitative reserach interviewing.
        2nd ed. SAGE, London2009
        • Finlay L.
        Phenomenology for therapists: researching the lived world.
        Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester2011
        • Greenfield B.H.
        • Jensen K.
        Understanding the lived experience of patients: application of a phenomenological approach to ethics.
        Phys Ther. 2010; 90: 1185-1197
        • Braun V.
        • Clarke V.
        Using thematik analysis in psychology.
        Qual Res Psychol. 2006; 3: 77-101
        • Guba E.G.
        Criteria for assessing trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries.
        ETRD. 1981; 29: 75-91
        • Schuster-Amft C.
        • Eng K.
        • Thaler I.
        • Lehmann I.
        • Signer S.
        • McCaskey M.
        • et al.
        Evaluating efficacy and users’ expectations of a virtual reality training system: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.
        in: 19th European Congress of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine ESPRM-SOFMER, Marseille, France2014
        • Seo N.J.
        • Arun Kumar J.
        • Hur P.
        • Crocher V.
        • Motawar B.
        • Lakshminarayanan K.
        Usability evaluation of low-cost virtual reality hand and arm rehabilitation games.
        J Rehabil Res Dev. 2016; 53: 321-334
        • Hughes A.M.
        • Burridge J.H.
        • Demain S.H.
        • Ellis-Hill C.
        • Meagher C.
        • Tedesco-Triccas L.
        • et al.
        Translation of evidence-based assistive technologies into stroke rehabilitation: users’ perceptions of the barriers and opportunities.
        BMC Health Serv Res. 2014; 14: 124
        • Wade D.T.
        • Winstein C.J.
        Virtual reality and robotics for stroke rehabilitation: where do we go from here.
        Top Stroke Rehabil. 2011; 18: 685-700
        • Flores E.
        • Tobon G.
        • Cavallaro E.
        • Cavallaro F.
        • Perry J.
        • Keller T.
        Improving patient motivation in game development for motor deficit rehabilitation.
        in: International Conference on Advcances in Computer Entertainment Technology, Yokohama, Japan2008: 381-384
        • Kuppuswamy A.
        • Clark E.V.
        • Sandhu K.S.
        • Rothwell J.C.
        • Ward N.S.
        Post-stroke fatigue: a problem of altered corticomotor control.
        J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015; 86: 902-904
        • Finley M.
        • Combs S.
        User perceptions of gaming interventions for improving upper extremity motor function in persons with chronic stroke.
        Physiother Theory Pract. 2013; 29: 195-201
        • Timmermans A.A.
        • Seelen H.A.
        • Willmann R.D.
        • Bakx W.
        • de Ruyter B.
        • Lanfermann G.
        • et al.
        Arm and hand skills: training preferences after stroke.
        Disabil Rehabil. 2009; 31: 1344-1352
        • Veerbeek J.M.
        • van Wegen E.
        • van Peppen R.
        • van der Wees P.J.
        • Hendriks E.
        • Rietberg M.
        • et al.
        What is the evidence for physical therapy poststroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
        PLoS One. 2014; 9: e87987
        • French B.
        • Thomas L.H.
        • Coupe J.
        • McMahon N.E.
        • Connell L.
        • Harrison J.
        • et al.
        Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke.
        Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 11: CD006073
        • Hochstenbach-Waelen A.
        • Seelen H.
        Embracing change: practical and theoretical considerations for successful implementation of technology assisting upper limb training in stroke.
        J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2012; 9: 52
        • Norouzi-Gheidari N.
        • Archambault P.S.
        • Fung J.
        Effects of robot-assisted therapy on stroke rehabilitation in upper limbs: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.
        J Rehabil Res Dev. 2012; 49: 479-496
        • Green J.
        • Thorogood N.
        Qualitative methods for health research.
        SAGE, London2004
        • Roth W.M.
        Translation in qualitative social research: the possible impossible.
        Forum Qual Soc Res. 2013; 14: 1-24