Strength and endurance of the pelvic floor muscles in continent women: An observational study

References 

1. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodynam. 2002;21:167–178
2. Swithinbank L, Donovan J, de Heaume J, Rogers C, James M, Yang Q, et al. Urinary symptoms and incontinence in women: relationships between occurrence, age and perceived impact. Br J Gen Pract. 1999;49:897–900
   • MEDLINE
3. McGrother CW, Donaldson MM, Shaw C, Matthews RJ, Hayward TA, Dallosso HM, et al. Storage symptoms of the bladder: prevalence, incidence and need for services in the UK. BJU Int. 2004;93:763–769
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
4. Retzky S, Rogers R. Urinary incontinence in women. Clin Symp. 1995;47:2–32
   • MEDLINE
5. Dimpfl T, Jaeger C, Mueller-Felber W, Anthuber C, Hirsch A, Brandmaier R, et al. Myogenic changes of the levator ani muscle in premenopausal women: the impact of vaginal delivery and age. Neurourol Urodynam. 1998;17:197–205
6. Dixon J, Gosling J. Histomorphology of the pelvic floor muscle. In:  Schussler B,  Laycock J,  Norton P,  Stanton S editor. Pelvic floor re-education: principles and practice. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1994;p. 28–33
7. Hay-Smith EJ, Dumoulin C. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD005654.
8. US Department of Health Human Services . Healthy people 2010: understanding and improving health. 2nd ed.. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2000;
9. Hunskaar S, Burgio K, Clark A, Lapitan M, Nelson R, Sillen U, et al. Epidemiology of urinary and fecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. In:  Abrams P,  Cardozo L,  Khoury S,  Wein A editor. Incontinence: basic evaluation. Plymouth: Health Publication Ltd.; 2005;p. 255–312
10. Bo K, Sherburn M. Evaluation of female pelvic-floor muscle function and strength. Phys Ther. 2005;85:269–282
    • MEDLINE
11. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Lemieux M. Pelvic floor maximal strength using vaginal digital assessment compared to dynamometric measurements. Neurourol Urodynam. 2004;23:336–341
12. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Lemieux M. Pelvic floor maximal strength using vaginal digital assessment compared to dynamometric measurements. Neurourol Urodynam 2004; 23:336–41.
13. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux M, Morin M. Reliability of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodynam. 2004;23:134–142
14. Frawley H, Galea M, Phillips B, Sherburn M, Bo K. Reliability of pelvic floor muscle strength assessment using different test positions and tools. Neurourol Urodynam. 2006;25:236–242
15. Thompson J, O'Sullivan P, Briffa N, Neumann P. Assessment of voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction in continent and incontinent women using transperineal ultrasound, manual muscle testing and vaginal squeeze pressure measurements. Int Urogynecol J. 2006;17:624–630
16. Wilson P, Bo K, Nygaard I, Staskin D, Wyman J, Bourchier A. Conservative treatment in women. In:  Abrams P,  Cardozo L,  Khoury S,  Wein A editor. Incontinence. Plymouth: Plymbridge Distributors Ltd.; 2002;p. 571–624
17. Stoll T, Huber E, Seifert B, Stucki G, Michel B. Isometric muscle strength measurement. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag; 2002;
18. In:  Altman D,  Machin D,  Bryant T,  Gardner S editor. Statistics with confidence. Bristol: JW Arrowsmith Ltd.; 2000;
19. Glenmark B, Hedberg G, Jansson E. Changes in muscle fibre type from adolescence to adulthood in women and men. Acta Physiol Scand. 1992;146:251–259
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
20. Todd G, Taylor J, Butler J, Martin P, Gorman R, Gandevia S. Use of motor cortex stimulation to measure simultaneously the changes in dynamic muscle properties and voluntary activation in human muscles. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102:1756–1766
21. Haskell W, Lee I, Pate R, Russell R, Powell K, Blair S, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116:1081–1093
    • CrossRef
22. Rortveit G, Daltveit A, Hannestad Y, Hunskaar S. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. New Engl J Med. 2003;348:900–907
23. Zahariou A, Karamouti M, Papaioannou P. Pelvic floor muscle training improves sexual function of women with stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2008;19:401–406
24. Thompson J, O'Sullivan P. Levator plate movement during voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction in subjects with incontinence and prolapse: a cross-sectional study and review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunc. 2003;12:84–88
25. Hahn I, Sommar S, Fall M. A comparative study of pelvic floor training and electrical stimulation for the treatment of genuine female stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam. 1991;10:545–554
26. Getliffe K, Dolman M. Promoting continence: a clinical and research resource. 3rd ed.. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2007;p. 74
27. Reay Jones N, Healy J, King L, Saini S, Shousha S, Allen-Mersh T. Pelvic connective tissue resilience decreases with vaginal delivery, menopause and uterine prolapse. Br J Surg. 2003;90:466–472
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
28. Bo K. Pelvic floor muscle training is effective in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence, but how does it work?. Int Urogynecol J. 2004;15:76–84